Violence and conflict are central to Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Viciousness and strife are vital to Romeo and Juliet Essay Viciousness and strife are vital to Romeo and Juliet. Talk about this subject regarding at any rate three scenes in the play. Romeo and Juliet is a grievous play, which is about the adoration for two star-crossed sweethearts who end their life in light of the fact that the families, Capulets and Montagues have an antiquated resentment. Shakespeare doesnt convey the purpose behind the contention between the fighting families to the crowd, in this manner he might be giving us information on how risky contentions can become if theyre not monitored. In spite of the fact that it is a play about affection, there are numerous scenes that contain savagery and strife. The play opens with a battle and finishes with passings. This paper will examine the key scenes, Act 1 Scene 1, Act 3 Scene 1 and Act 3 Scene 5. We will compose a custom article on Violence and struggle are vital to Romeo and Juliet explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now William Shakespeare initiates Romeo and Juliet with a concise framework of the approaching stage execution. He introduces the presentation with the introduction, which can likewise be depicted as a piece. Shakespeare applies this structure to quickly sum up the account of Frankenstein. The tune lays the right foundation for disaster by introducing the two youthful heroes as casualties of destiny, whose lives are damaged from the beginning by the animosity between their families: From forward the lethal flanks of these two adversaries/A couple of star-crossed sweethearts end their life. Despite the fact that Shakespeare grasps this idyllic structure to delineate the plays fundamental issues, he has embraced this technique to depict another significant subject: how deadly and dangerous contentions can become if theyve been incited by unwise and inane reasons-the passings of the heroes stopped the familial clash between the two families, the reason for which is obscure to the crowd all through the length of the play. This is noteworthy on the grounds that Shakespeare features the ludicrousness of the battles between the two family units. Continuing towards the primary scene, Shakespeare presents the play with two workers of the Capulet family unit, Gregory and Sampson: Enter Sampson and Gregory, with blades and bucklers. While strolling through a road in Verona, Sampson voices his extreme aversion for the place of the Montagues, with off color chat. The two hirelings start to trade licentious articulations about truly vanquishing the male individuals from the Montague family and explicitly overcoming the females: I will take the mass of any man or servant of Montagues. Gregory reacts to this punning comment made by Sampson by applying an axiom, the most vulnerable goes to the divider, which proposes that the weak must respect the ground-breaking. Along these lines, Gregory expresses that if Sampson takes the divider, he will end up being the barren one: That shows thee a feeble slave; for the most fragile goes to the divider. This remark expressed by Gregory, just offers Sampson another chance to turn out to be increasingly disorderly and create significantly greater vain reactions: True; and in this way ladies, being the more fragile vessels, are ever pushed to the divider: along these lines I will push Montagues men from the divider, and push his house cleaners to the divider. Gregory keeps on reacting to Sampsons enunciation: The squabble is between our lords, and us their men. Gregory explains that the debate is between the male individuals from the Capulet and Montague family unit, in this manner Sampson ought not include the ladies. Despite sexual orientation, Sampson maintains a strategic distance from Gregorys counsel and moves further into the discussion: Tis each of the one, I will show myself a despot: when I have battled with the men, I will be polite with the house keepers; I will remove their heads. These statements created by Sampson demonstrate that he will carry on terribly with the ladies. A servant is another term for a virgin, therefore Sampson conveys his heartless expectations of convincing the ladies of the Montague family unit to lose their maidenheads or virginity to him. Subsequent to seeing this data about Sampsons character, as observers of the play, we could be overpowered by fomentation and defeat with fierceness, as a result of his caustic reactions towards the Montague family unit. Others may discover this comment rather entertaining. Likewise, the crowd could be left in an incredible stun in the wake of realizing that the contention between the two families is not kidding to the point that Sampson would be set up to submit such a threatening and terrible act. During this second, Gregory sees two hirelings drawing closer from the Montague family unit: Draw thy instrument, here happens to the place of Montagues. Thus, Gregory develops a plan with Sampson to excite a battle with the Montagues, without overstepping the law. In the wake of review the serving men of the Montague family unit, Sampson conveys a meek reaction to Gregory: Quarrel, I will back thee. Shakespeare has deliberately involved epitomizing Sampson into a tentative individual since it creates humor inside the play, and this grips the watchers consideration sublimely. Gregory answers to Sampson by discussing another joke about him: How, turn thy back and run? Gregory cross examines Sampson by scrutinizing his devotion. He requests to know whether Sampson will back him by turning his back and fleeing. .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .postImageUrl , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:hover , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:visited , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:active { border:0!important; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:active , .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5274ef1be7ce 11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5274ef1be7ce11c9b6817a63f33ecdf4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare make ACT III scene I sensational? EssaySampson, who has depicted himself as a presumptuous individual gets uncomfortable with the possibility of them starting the battle first, thus he recommends that they permit Abram to do this: Let us take the law of our sides, let them start. Subsequently, Gregory inspires strolling past Abram and showing a grimace before him, nonetheless, Sampson proposes a far better arrangement: I will nibble my thumb at them. This was known as a profoundly offending signal. Shakespeare unfurls the reality of preference and how it can prompt heightening savagery. Abram reacts to the revolting articulation outlined by Sampson by addressing him, as so: Do you nibble your thumb at us, sir? Held in the midst of absolute disarray, Sampson affirms with Gregory if the law will be their ally on the off chance that he confesses to distributing the signal at Abram: (Aside to Gregory) Is the law of our side on the off chance that I state ay? Recognizing the appropriate response created by Gregory, Sampson precludes from claiming gnawing his thumb at Abram, however confesses to gnawing his thumb. This verbal showdown between the workers is practically prospering into a fight. Gregory endeavors to get the Montagues to produce a battle by inquiring as to whether he is quarreling with them. Gregorys endeavors to do this become fruitless. Sampson advances an announcement: I fill in as great a man as you, to which Abram answers, No better. Sampson answers: Yes, better, sir, and thereupon entered Abrams outrage, along these lines propelled a mob. Nonetheless, the fundamental driver of the fight was when Sampson expressed: Draw, in the event that you be men. This is probably the most sensational piece of the scene, on the grounds that the contention between the workers advances into an awful battle. Through the root of the fight, overflowing for what it's worth with sexual and physical boasting, Shakespeare presents the significant topic of manly respect. Men must guard their notoriety at whatever point it is violated against. Likewise, it is critical that the sear between the Capulets and Montagues breaks first among the hirelings. Shakespeare has intentionally centered the watchers consideration around the hirelings on the grounds that the mentalities of the servingmen in Romeo and Juliet have been displayed on the practices of their lords, and hence, society. Right now, Shakespeare presents Tybalt, a brother to the place of the Capulets. Seeing Benvolios drawn blade, Tybalt presents his own and embarrasses him: What, workmanship thou drawn among these coldhearted hinds? /Turn t

The Islam-Judaism Clash of Civilizations Essay -- Palestinians Israeli

In the city of Jerusalem, in the rubble of Ramallah, in gathering places, in mosques, in the hearts and psyches of millions in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and the rest of Israel, Israelis and Palestinians are secured a conflict of developments. In his wonderful work, The Clash of Civilizations, Samuel L. Huntington plots a hypothesis which approaches global governmental issues on the size of human advancements. Be that as it may, he bypasses conversation about Israel. Huntington circumspectly depicts Israel as a â€Å"non-Western† (Huntington 90) nation, yet distinguishes the Palestinian-Israeli clash as one along a separation point between developments (267). In spite of the fact that he decides to keep away from the issue, Huntington’s hypothesis gives a foundation to investigating the contention in Israel as far as a conflict of developments among Judaism and Islam. This is a risky and provocative thought. Be that as it may, on the off chance that we dare look at its suggestions and investigate its bits of knowledge, we chance an increasingly complete comprehension of the contention which has tormented relations among Palestinians and Israelis specifically, Muslim nations and Israel by and large, for more than fifty years. Let us start with a conversation about Judaism’s status as a development. This is an exceptionally hostile case which Huntington himself questions: With the making of Israel, Jews have all the target accessories of a human progress: religion, language, customs, writing, establishments, and a regional and political home. Be that as it may, shouldn't something be said about emotional distinguishing proof? Jews living in different societies have disseminated themselves along a continuum extending from complete recognizable proof with Judaism and Israel to ostensible Judaism and full distinguishing proof with the human advancement inside which they dwell, the last mentioned, be that as it may, occurr... ...ited States. However the balanced entertainer model falls flat. Islam rises above key, financial, and political realism. So whenever you find yourself saying that the barbarity, life span and fame of the contention against Israel resists reason, hold your tongue. Islam has generally stayed away from Enlightenment thoughts. Works Cited Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Rock, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Shuster Inc., 1997. Kaplan, Mordecai M. Judaism as a Civilization. New York: Schocken Books, 1934. Stoessinger, John George. Why Nations Go to War, eighth Edition. San Diego, CA: Thomson Wadsworth 2001. The Avalon Project: Hamas Covenant 1988. Yale. Web. 19 Mar. 2015 .

Finance Tips That Should be Taught In School

Finance Tips That Should be Taught In School Finance Tips That Should be Taught In School Finance Tips That Should be Taught In SchoolGlobal economics and history classes are all well and good, but how about classes on retirement contributions, tax filing, or other financial lessons for the real world?If you live in the United States, chances are you didn’t learn how to balance a checkbook or understand a basic budget in high school. That’s because, according to Forbes, there are only 17 states across the nation that “require high school students to take a course in personal finance.”The numbers don’t stop there. According to a Bank of America and USA Today 2016 survey collaboration, only 31% of young Americans aged 16 26 felt their high schools taught them good financial habits. On top of that, only 58% of those young people had started a savings account while only 27% of those surveyed aged 22 26 had contributed to a 401K.Despite these statistics, Champlain College’s Center for Financial Literacy says finances should be taught at many levels of education a nd start at an early age:“Personal finance education should start early at both home and school. Ideally, personal finance concepts should be taught in elementary, middle and high school, and should continue into college. In mathematics, you start with counting, move on to addition and subtraction, and then move on to division and multiplication. You need to learn letters before you can read. Personal finance education should be a cumulative process, with age-appropriate topics taught each school year. The reality is that many states and school districts do not provide any substantive personal finance education until high school, if at all.”Online resources like OppU provide courses on financial literacy in addition to articles on topics like how to teach kids about certain money-related and credit topics. If you are looking for some basics on financial literacy, OppU is a good place to start. In the meantime, here are some universal topics that are largely ignored in primary an d even secondary educational spaces.Save your pennies    Barbara Stanny’s list for Forbes of what she wishes she knew about finances after graduating college   provides insight into the multifaceted ways people can save their hard earned money. One of those ways is understanding the power of compound interest.If there is interest accruing, your money isn’t just sitting there doing nothing. “Understand the miracle of compoundingâ€"where your money earns interest, then your interest earns interest, and then that interest earns interest, and before you know it, you’ve got a lot more than when you started,” Stanny wrote.Money grows if you help itInvesting (and knowing how to do it well) is something a lot of folks don’t quite understand, especially coming out of school. Unless they studied finance, there is a lot of confusion about the world of stocks and bonds and mutual funds.But Stanny advises against waiting too long to start investing. Even if it’s just a little at a time, the more you invest the more it will grow. That doesn’t mean, however, that you should invest in anything or everything. Be sure you understand your investment choices. “Otherwise, you won’t know what you’re buying; you won’t know when to sell; and you can’t accurately evaluate the advice you’re given.”“Learn about investing,” she wrote. “Take a class. The only way to make sure your money grows (enough to buy a castle and also maintain it!) is by putting at least some of your cash in long-term assets (like stocks bonds) that will grow faster than inflation and taxes will take it away.”How to build and maintain a credit scoreAustin Netzley wrote for Insider that, despite how boring it be, it’s important to get a credit report to not only know the status of your credit score, but to also get the clearest understanding of your debt-credit life.“You may be (like I was!) surprised to see some open lines of credit that you thought you closed or still hav e a balance on,” Netzley wrote. “The starting point to fix your finances is to get super clear on your current situation, and a credit report will help you do just that.”Champlain College also supported knowing (and understanding) one’s credit because having a low score can be seriously detrimental to one’s livelihood.A person’s credit score and borrowing history affects their daily life, they wrote. Doing everything from purchasing or renting a home/apartment, acquiring insurance, or sometimes even getting a job can be impacted by one’s credit history. They went on to explain that a high credit score could save someone upwards of $100,000 in interest payments during their life.Having more than one income  This idea is crucial, particularly as fears of a recession swirl around the media. Economic experts like Netzley point to making one’s income as “recession proof” as possible. One way to achieve that is to secure multiple streams of income.Netzley explains that there are three forms of income:Working income: Do work once, get paid once, such as through a salary or hourly wagesResidual income: Do the work once, get paid over and over again, such as by producing and selling a book or programsPassive income: Do no work, get paid over and over again, such as through investmentsBy cultivating multiple revenue opportunities people are not only protecting themselves from potential economic downturns, they are also creating ways to make money in their sleep and freeing up their time.Start as young as possibleInstilling financial literacy at a young age is important, particularly since young people are met with so many financial decisions so quickly after high school and college.“The number of financial decisions an individual must make continues to increase, and the variety and complexity of financial products continues to grow,” Champlain College wrote. “Young people often do not understand debit and credit cards, mortgages, banking, inves tment and insurance products and services, payday lending, rent-to-own products, credit reports, credit scores, etc.”

Pros And Cons Of Capital Punishment - 1237 Words

Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment INTRODUCTION Each year there are around 250 people added to death row and 35 executed. The death penalty is the most severe method of penalty enforced in the United Sates today. Once a jury has condemned a criminal of a crime they go to the following part of the trial, the punishment phase. If the jury recommends the death penalty and the judge coincides, then the criminal will face some form of execution. Lethal injection is the most common process of execution used today. There was a period from 1971 to 1975 that capital punishment was governed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The reason for this conclusion was that the death penalty was considered cruel and unusual punishment under the eighth amendment. The decision was overturned when new methods of execution were introduced. Capital punishment is a difficult topic and there are many different views such as its deterrent value, the religious aspect, the cost of death vs. the cost of life in prison, the morality, the social issues, and t he legal considerations. Religious Aspect (Pro) The Bible requires the death penalty for a wide variety of crimes, including sex before marriage, doing work on Saturday and murder. If we still lived by this code, several people would be left alive. Even God imposed the death penalty directly for countless wrongdoings. Some of these infractions included: lying about church donations, practicing birth control, wickedness, being abusive to strangers,Show MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1608 Words   |  7 Pageswhere capital punishment is legal. As of April 2016, there have been 1,431 executions in the United States, but the number of executions in recent years has been steadily decreasing (Timmons 2017). The death penalty can be put up for moral debate, and one can ask oneself whether the death penalty is ever morally permissible. There are some pros and cons to having capital punishment. For example, deterrence and prevention are good reasons to have the death penalty, but, in reality, the cons far outweighRead MoreP ros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1319 Words   |  6 PagesPeople and courts often justify capital punishment as society’s moral duty to safeguard the safety and well-being of its citizens. According to Miriam-Webster, capital punishment is the practice of killing people as punishment for serious crimes. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being. There is much controversy in the punishment of offenders who have committed murder. It is the maximum sentence a person can receive if the crime of murder is committed. Some would say it is inhumaneRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1303 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment: The Benefits and Downfalls Taylor M. Osborne Charleston Southern University Abstract The following essay explores the pros and cons of capital punishment. A brief history of how capital punishment was introduced into modern society is included. Various resources have been used for research which include online articles, studies, and textbook references. This paper suggests the costs of capital punishment to be very high, but brings closure and justice to families, and evenRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Capital punishment is one of the most controversial ethical issues that our country faces these days. Capital punishment is the legal penalty of death for a person that has performed heinous acts in the eyes of the judicial system. Discussion on whether capital punishment is humane or considered cruel and unusual punishment has been the main issue this of debate for years. Recent discussion goes far beyond the act itself but now brings into question whether medical personal shouldRead MorePros and Cons of Capital Punishment3687 Words   |  15 Pages1.  Morality PRO: The crimes of rape, torture, treason, kidnapping, murder, larceny, and perjury pivot on a moral code that escapes apodictic [indisputably true] proof by expert testimony or otherwise. But communities would plunge into anarchy if they could not act on moral assumptions less certain than that the sun will rise in the east and set in the west. Abolitionists may contend that the death penalty is inherently immoral because governments should never take human life, no matter what theRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Since the mid 1900’s, capital punishment has brought many individuals into many diverse view points throughout the years. Capital punishment is a way of punishing a convict by killing him or her because of the crime he or she committed. Capital punishment will always have its pros and cons. There are opponents who absolutely disagree with capital punishment. And then there are advocates who support the idea. In the advocates view point, capital punishmentRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of capital punishment is one that is highly debated in our society today. Capital punishment is the ultimate punishment our society can give one for their actions. On the other hand, it is viewed as a denial of human rights that promotes more violence in our society. Religious Tolerance.org states that in the United States, over 13,000 people have been legally executed since colonial times. (Religious Tolerance) Is capital punis hment a moral act? It is not a moral punishment as it deniesRead MoreDeath Penalty: The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment Essay527 Words   |  3 Pagesto you about these problems with the death penalty in my paper. Everyone should ask themselves what they believe. Do you believe that by killing people using the death it will save lives. The death penalty is called capital punishment. You get sentenced with capital punishment for really bad crimes. Some of the ways they do the death penalty are with lethal injection, deadly gas. In some of the foreign countries they will kill people that have been given the death penalty by a firing squadRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesAdvent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highly controversialRead MoreBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). U.S. Department of Justice. 25 Nov. 2014. Web. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics is the United States primary source for criminal justice statistics. The website has published information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the Office

Definition of Order Number 1

In the days of the Russian Revolution of 1917, an order went out to the countrys military which almost destroyed its ability to fight, and made a takeover by socialist extremists more likely. This was Order Number One, and it had only good intentions. The February Revolution Russia had experienced strikes and protests many times before 1917. They had once, in 1905, experienced an attempted revolution too. But in those days the military had stood with the government and crushed the rebels; in 1917, as a series of strikes convulsed the political orders and showed how a Tsarist government that was dated, autocratic and would rather fail than reform had lost support, the Russian military came out in favour of the rebellion. The soldiers whose mutiny helped turn strikes in Petrograd into Russia’s February Revolution in 1917 initially came onto the streets, where they drank, fraternized and sometimes held key defensive points. The soldiers began to swell the newly appearing councils - the soviets - and allowed the situation to become so bad for the Tsar that he agreed to abdicate. A new government would take over. The Problem of the Military The Provisional Government, made up of old Duma members, wanted the troops to return to their barracks and regain some form of order, because having thousands of armed people wandering around out of control was deeply worrying to a group of liberals who feared a socialist takeover. However, the troops were afraid they’d be punished if they resumed their old duties. They wanted a guarantee of their safety and, doubting the integrity of the Provisional Government, turned to the other major government force which was now nominally in charge of Russia: the Petrograd Soviet. This body, led by socialist intellectuals and comprised of a large body of soldiers, was the dominant power on the street. Russia might have had a Provisional Government, but it actually had a dual government, and the Petrograd Soviet was the other half. Order Number One Sympathetic to the soldiers, the Soviet produced Order Number 1 to protect them. This listed soldier’s demands, gave the conditions for their return to barracks, and set out a new military regime: soldiers were responsible to their own democratic committees, not appointed officers; the military was to follow the orders of the Soviet, and only follow the Provisional Government as long as the Soviet agreed; soldiers had equal rights with citizens when off duty and didn’t even have to salute. These measures were hugely popular with the soldiers and were widely taken up. Chaos Soldiers flocked to carry out Order Number One. Some tried to decide strategy by committee, murdered unpopular officers, and threatened the command. Military discipline broke down and destroyed the ability of huge numbers in the military to operate. This might not have been a major problem were it not for two things: the Russian military was attempting to fight World War One, and their soldiers owed more allegiance to the socialists, and increasingly the extreme socialists, than the liberals. The result was an army which could not be called upon when the Bolsheviks gained power later in the year.

Mandatory Child Development and Parenting Classes Free Essays

There should be a law prohibiting teenage pregnancy.   It would be impossible to make such a law, since the country’s prisons would be filled with fifteen year-old-mothers. A law should, however, be made requiring mandatory child development and parenting classes before high school graduation. We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Child Development and Parenting Classes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The statistics concerning teenage pregnancy are frightening.   One teenager each minute becomes pregnant, in 2004 420,000 babies were born to teenage mother in the United States, and 67% of teenage mothers drop out of high school (Horizon Solutions, 2006). Three out of ten girls get pregnant before the age of twenty at an average of 750,000 girls per year (National Campaign, 2006). Girls as young as thirteen are becoming parents and often with no support from the equally young and inexperienced fathers.   The grandparents are then either forced to raise their grandchildren or the young unprepared girls are forced to give up their future plans to become parents much too early.  Most schools in the nation currently offer child development and parenting classes as electives for those who are interested in childcare.   Since most young teenagers will eventually become parents, however, it should be mandatory to prepare them for their future roles. Most public schools in the United States teach sexual education, which includes ways to prevent pregnancy.   Unfortunately, this has not significantly decreased the occurrences of teenage pregnancy.   When compared to the statistics of teenagers in other countries the united States ranks high in the number of pregnancies, because of the differences in how teenagers are prepared for parenting and the expectations for them (Guttmacher).   Part of the differences are that the young people in other countries are not taught to be ashamed to admit to having sex and are taught to be more responsible about preventing pregnancy.   In this country many adults are uncomfortable talking to their children about sex (Coloroso 228). The better young people are educated about and prepared for male-female relationships in early adolescence the less likely they are to give in to peer pressure (Campbell 51). In most schools, no student can graduate without learning about American History, government, English or science.   Students are taught how to have children and usually how to prevent it, but it is not required for them to learn how to care for the children after they have them.   Unless they come from large families, many young people have no idea how much responsibility is required in caring for an infant.   If they did, maybe they would take more precautions to avoid this until they were ready for the responsibility.   If a law was made to make it mandatory for all freshman high school students to take child development and parenting classes, all teenagers would have a better understanding of the responsibilities involved.   This would make them more likely to take better precautions to avoid teenage pregnancy. Parenting is not easy at any age, but when parenting is combined with dating, and trying to finish high school, it can be overwhelming.   When young girls discover they are about to become a parent, they can go through a range of emotions.   Some do not want to take on the responsibility of parenting.   These girls are faced with the difficult choice of abortion or adoption.   If she chooses to put her child up for adoption, she and the father both have to sign their parental rights over to the adoptive parents (Gay 6).  Ã‚   Some of the girls feel happy about having a baby they may see it as playing house or as an accomplishment (American Academy, 2004).   These girls have no real idea how much responsibility is involved in caring for infants.   They often like the idea of caring for someone. The problem is the people who are currently taking the elective parenting courses are usually the ones who know something about caring for infants and are interested in the subject.   These people already know a little of the responsibility and often are the ones least likely to be teen parents. By making the classes mandatory, those who think it is like playing house or have no idea about babies will get more information.   Many of these classes teach students what to expect throughout the first few years of life.   Infants especially in the first weeks of life need very much of the parent’s time and can be exhausting, and they cry a great deal (Preston 11).   The average day in the life of a mother with an infant consists of waking at approximately 3:00 a.m. and getting very little rest until late the next night.    It involves diaper changes, feedings and constant attention to someone helpless and fragile (O’Callahan 66). When the young people actually begin to realize what life is like for a parent, they can see the consequences of being careless in sexual relationships.   In recent years a new trend has become part of child development class.   Many schools have started using programmable dolls, which cry during the night, need changed, fed and held.   These dolls are amazingly lifelike and can provide young people an idea of what it is really like to be a parent (Memorial Community, n.d.). Teaching young people what parenting is like is sometimes more effective than teaching them methods of birth control or about the risks of disease.   In addition to the dolls, child development and parenting courses teach young people how to cope when they do have children. The good news is the message is getting out.   The number of teenagers age fifteen to nineteen who have reported having sex has decreased by just over 13% since 1991 and the number of teen pregnancies has dropped by 36% in the same amount of time (National Campaign, 2006).   There was a trend in the country for a while where teens were not afraid for parents to know they were having sex, but they did not have enough facts to keep from getting pregnant.   With the increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases, the education about the use of contraception has helped teenagers become more responsible about using birth control to avoid disease and thus pregnancy. If all school districts were mandated to require these classes using the teaching dolls and statistics as a requirement for graduation like they do math and science, students might have a better knowledge of what it takes to be parents.   This would help them know they wanted to wait until they were ready to have children.   It could teach them the financial, emotional and physical requirements involved in having and raising children.   Education is the key to knowledge and knowledge is required to make responsible choices.   In order to teach the teenagers in the United States to make responsible choices, there needs to be a law requiring the system to educate them. Works Cited Campbell, Dr. Ross. How to Really Love Your Child. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1988 Coloroso, Barbara. Kids Are Worth It. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1994 Gay, Kathlyn. Abortion Understanding the Debate. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2004 â€Å"MCH Foundation Partners With Schools to Provide â€Å"Baby Think it Over† Dolls.† Memorial Community Hospital and Health System, 1 May 2007 http://www.mchhs.org/news/BabyThinkitOver.htm Preston, Penny. What Every Mother Needs to Know About Her Baby’s First Year. Portland, Maine: Ronnie Sellers Productions, Inc. 2006 â€Å"Reality Works Infant Simulator and Real Care Parenting Program.† 18 September 2006 Horizon Solutions Site, 1 May 2007http://www.solutions-site.org/artman/publish/article_47.shtml O’Callahan, Kitty. â€Å"A Day in the Life of a Mom.† Baby Talk September 2005: 66-7 â€Å"Sex Education: Needs, Programs and Policies.†December2006.TheGuttmacher Institute 1 May 2007 http://www.guttmacher.org/presentations/sex_ed.pdf The National Organization to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. 1 May 2007. http.www.teenpregnancy.org â€Å"When Children Have Children.† July 2004, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1 May 2007 http://www.aacap.org/page.ww?name =When+Children+Have+Childrension=Facts+For+Families How to cite Mandatory Child Development and Parenting Classes, Essay examples

Ancient Egyptian Burial Essay Example For Students

Ancient Egyptian Burial Essay Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Romanpractices of preparing the dead for the next cradle ofhumanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in amultitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domainof funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, TheBook of the Dead can provide one with vital informationconcerning ritual entombment practices and myths of theafterlife. The additional handouts I received from TimothyStoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vitalinformation regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices of Greece and Rome, parts ofHomers Odyssey are useful in the analysis of properinterment methods. One particular method used by theEgyptians was an intricate process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process spanningseventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organswere removed with one exception, the heart. If the bodywas not already West of the Nile it was transported acrossit, but not before the drying process was initiated. Natron (aspecial salt) was extracted from the banks of the Nile andwas placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bagsof the substance were placed inside the body cavity tofacilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five daysthe ancient embalmers would anoint the body with oil andwrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy enough apriest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over theceremonies to ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placingof a special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done inbehest to secure a successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart did not speak out against theindividual at the scale of the goddess of justice and divineorder, Maat. The priest also made use of a peculiar ritualinstrument, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened themouth of the deceased. This was done to ensure that thedeceased was able to speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departedsoul involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if aprominent person passed away the family and servantswould willfully ingest poison to continue their servitude in thenext world. The family members and religious figureheads ofthe community did just about everything in their power to aidthe deceased in the transition to a new life. The communitymade sure the chamber was furnished with everythingnecessary for the comfort and well-being of the occupants.It was believed that the individual would be able of accessingthese items in the next world. Some of the most importantthings that the deceased would need to have at his side werecertain spells and incantations. A conglomeration of readingmaterial ensured a successful passage; The Pyramid Texts,The Book of the Dead, and the Coffin Texts all aided thelost soul in their journey through Duat into the Fields of theBlessed. Besides all these spells, charms, and magical tombtexts, the a ncient practice of depositing in the tomb smallwooden figures of servants was employed. These Ushabistatuettes as they are called, were essentially slaves of thedeceased. If the deceased was called to work in the Elysianfields he would call upon one of the statues to take his placeand perform the task for him. It was not unheard of for anindividual to have a figure for every day of the year to ensurean afterlife devoid of physical exertion. Just about every thingthe embalmers and burial practitioners did during the processwas done for particular reasons. Many of the funerarypractices of the ancient Greco-Romans were also done witha specific purpose in mind. Unlike the Egyptians theGreco-Roman cultures did not employ elaborate tombs butfocused on the use of a simple pit in the ground. Right afterdeath, not too dissimilar from the practices of the Egyptians,it was necessary for the persons to carefully wash andprepare the corpse for his journey. It was vital for allpersons to receive a proper burial and if they did not theywere dammed to hover in a quasi-world, somewhat of alimbo between life and death. One Greco-Roman myththat illustrates this point is The Odyssey by Homer. There isa part in Book eleven of the work in which Homerspecifically addresses proper burial rites. When Odysseuswishes to contact Tiresias, he comes across Elpenor, one ofhis soldiers. This particular man fell (in a haphazard fashion)to his death on the island of the Kimmerians, but did notreceive a proper burial and was stuck in limbo. Elpenorbegged Odysseus and his men to return to the island andcare for his body. Consequently, they did return and Elpenorpassed into the next world. Most likely he was buried in thesame fashion other members of his society were; a pyre wasprobably constructed and the body placed upon it. Alsoplaced on the pyre were items that the deceased held dear inlife with the hope that they would follow him into the nextworld. In order to survive in the afterlife, the deceased isalso presented with a small coin which came to be known asthe ferrying fee for Charon. This can be likened to theEgyptian practice of introducing coinage into the tomb insome cases. Homer also speaks of the psyche, which slipsout of man at the moment of death and enters the house ofAis, also known as Aides, Aidoneus, and in Attic as Hades.This idea can be compared to the concept of an individualsba in ancient Egypt. When someone died, an eternal part ofthem (their ba) would also slip out and seek out theindividuals spiritual twin (their ka) in order to unite with it andfacilitate a successful passage. Many times in myth, the livingdesired to speak with the departed. When Odysseus wishesto speak with the Nekyia in Book eleven, goats must besacrificed and their blood was recognized as inspiring thedeceased to speak. The Egyptians also were concerned withthe ability of the deceased to speak in the next realm; this isexemplified in one of the most important spells in The Book of the Dead, the opening of the mouth. When all the funeraryrites had been done, the next step was to mark the spot ofthe deceased. The grave is marked with a stone, the sign,sema. This grave stone would have the name of the soul,and often some type of epigram in verse form. Invariablynear the grave, some type of guardian of the soul would belocated. Lion and sphinx were found as grave markers andthis idea is paralleled in the practices of the natives of Egypt. .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .postImageUrl , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:hover , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:visited , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:active { border:0!important; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:active , .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5 .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cb9b6323f250a2b5fc621f628551bc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The Gettysburg Address EssayA certain cult image was buried with the deceased in Egyptin order to look after and more importantly protect ones bafrom being disturbed. It also acted as a type of purge valvefor any ba which may have been unjustly disturbed in thetomb. Burial practices aside one can note an interestingdifference between these two ancient civilizations. Differences can be observed concerning how amicable theafterlife was. The Egyptians had a positive outlook. Theybelieved that after one became Osirus, They would moveinto a new world, which was nice, no one had to work, andeverything was very clean. One could compare their lives inthe next world with the childrens classic board game,Candyland. In this game all was fine and dandy, the dontworry be happy attitude flourished, not distant from the lifein the Fields of the Blessed. On the other hand,Greco-Roman afterlife was a rather dismal place. The deadAchilles summed everything up by saying to Odysseus, Donot try to make light of death to me, I would sooner bebound to the soil in the hire of another man, a man withoutlot and without much to live on, than rule over all theperished dead. Needless to say, the Homeric afterlife wasno Candyland. Candyland or not, both cultures went toextremes in order to guarantee a successful voyage into thenext world. The two ancient civilizations hoped that throughtheir intricate actions the individual would be protected andprepared for their many experiences on the other side. Bylooking at selections of Homers Odyssey and The Book ofthe Dead, one can draw many similarities between the twocultures; however, differences are also apparent due tocultural differences concerning what would happen to thedeparted soul.

Fraud Auditing and Different Type of Fraud free essay sample

Over the years, the role of auditors become increasingly important especially in a capitalist economy as the process of wealth creation and political stability depends heavily upon confidence in processes of accountability and how well the expected roles are being fulfilled. An auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditing. The most frequently debated areas amongst auditors, politicians, media, regulators and the public is where the fraud is coming from and by whom. This disagreement has been especially tinted by the collapse of big corporations like Enron and WorldCom. The unforeseen fall of Enron and WorldCom traumatized the world as both of these companies received clean bills of health from their auditors immediately prior to their for bankruptcy. Type of fraud Fraud itself comprises a large variety of activities and includes bribery, political corruption, business and employee fraud, consumer theft; network hacking, bankruptcy and divorce fraud, and identity theft. We will write a custom essay sample on Fraud Auditing and Different Type of Fraud or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many find it helpful to separate between internal and external fraud. Internal fraud is usually found by internal auditors. In the Statement of Auditing Standards 99, it’s defines fraud as an intentional act that results in a material misstatement in financial statements. There are two types of fraud considered: misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting (e. g. falsification of accounting records) and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets (e. g. theft of assets or fraudulent expenditures). Examples of fraudulent financial reporting and Misappropriation of assets; * Fraudulent financial reporting. An example of fraudulent financial reporting is a company that ships customers’ goods that have not been ordered and then records the revenue as if it met all the criteria for revenue recognition. In other cases involving new high technology products, company personnel may have provided customers with a side agreement granting right of return for any reason or made payment for the goods contingent on receipt of funding or some other event. In such cases the side agreement typically is not disclosed to the auditor because he underlying transaction would not meet the criteria for revenue recognition under generally accepted accounting principles. * Misappropriation of assets. Examples of misappropriation of assets are thefts of cash, inventory or securities. Small practitioners specifically asked for guidance in this area because they were more likely to encounter misappropriations than fraudulent financial reporting. Auditors from larger firms were more concerned about fraudulent financial reporting from a materiality standpoint but also thought guidance on misappropriations would be helpful. The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) Definition The IIA describes fraud as â€Å"any illegal acts characterized by deceit, concealment or violation of trust. These acts are not dependent upon the application of threat of violence or of physical force. Frauds are perpetrated by parties and organizations to obtain money, property, or services; to avoid payment or loss of services; or to secure personal or business advantage. † The IIA further clarifies fraud and misconduct. Deterrence of Fraud Deterrence of fraud consists of those actions taken to discourage the perpetration of fraud and limit the exposure if fraud does occur. The principal mechanism for deterring fraud is control. The primary responsibility for establishing and maintaining control rests with management. Internal control is a process affected by an organization’s management that is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: 1. Reliability of financial reporting, 2. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations and 3. Effectiveness and efficiency of operations. The standard describes the fraud triangle. Generally, the three ‘fraud triangle’ conditions are present when Fraud occurs. First, there is an incentive or pressure that provides a reason to commit fraud. Second, there is an opportunity for fraud to be perpetrated (e. g. absence of controls, ineffective controls, or the ability of management to override controls. ) Third, the individuals committing the fraud possess an attitude that enables them to rationalize the fraud. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SAS_99) As we know fraud is more likely to be committed by a single individual, without a prior history of fraud, who often raises a red flag because they are living beyond their means and are experiencing financial difficulties. The reasons for fraud are not always obvious to the business owner or even their attorneys. However, what is obvious is that it is often overlooked, ignored, and even undetected. An Analysis of the Fraud Triangle Abstract The concept of a â€Å"Fraud Triangle† is introduced to the professional literature in SAS No. 99, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit. The Fraud Triangle consists of three conditions generally present when fraud occurs: Incentive/Pressure, Opportunity, and Attitude/ Rationalizations. Input from forensic experts, academics and others consistently show that evaluation of information about fraud is enhanced when auditors evaluate in the context of these three conditions. To examine the impact of the fraud triangle on the audit process, this paper develops an evidential network that has two major sub-networks: one to capture risk and evidential relationships for a conventional financial statement audit and the other to capture the risk and evidential relationships for fraud risk assessment. These networks use the Belief Functions approach to express the uncertainties involved in the evidence in a financial statement audit. The results of the analyses support the concept of the fraud triangle in that the three components and the relationships between those components are shown to have a substantial impact on audit risk. Part of an auditor’s job is to ensure that their clients’ financial statements are free of fraud. But, what is fraud? It is a universally understood term; however, most people are unable to truly define what it means. Depending on the source from which it is obtained, there are a number of definitions for the term. For example, the definition in Webster’s dictionary is going to be different from the definition of fraud that the AICPA has. Also, to make things a bit more complicated, some definitions, such as the one given by the ACFE, are broken down into categories based on the types of fraud that can occur, each of which having its own definition of course. One would think that a simple word like fraud would be easily definable, but in reality, it has multiple meanings and can be interpreted differently depending to whom or where it is being referenced. Documentation The auditor should document in the work papers the assessment of the risk of material misstatement due to fraud. At a minimum, the auditor needs to document those risk factors identified in the audit engagement and the auditors’ response to them. If other risk factors are identified during the audit that causes the auditor to believe an additional response is required, he or she should document those factors or conditions and any further response the auditor concluded was appropriate. Fraud Theory Auditors today are at a crossroads regarding how to incorporate fraud detection into their audit plans. Sarbanes Oxley, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) regulators, and the professional standards of auditing are requiring auditors to give greater consideration to incorporating fraud detection into their audit plan. Companies’ boards of directors, management, and the public are asking why is fraud occurring and going undetected in our business systems. Auditors are asking themselves whether fraud can be detected when there is no predication or allegation of a specific fraud. Traditionally, the auditing profession had two fundamental ways to deal with the fraud question: Search for fraud using a passive approach of testing internal controls. The approach relies on auditors seeing the red flags of fraud. Although few audit programs incorporate specific red flags for audit observation, the assumption is that professional experience will provide auditors with the skills to observe the red flags. 2. React to fraud allegations received through a tip or some other audit source. Since studies continue to indicate that most frauds are detected through tips, we need to ask ourselves how effective past audit approaches have been. Historically, the profession relied on evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls to detect and deter fraud. Auditors would first document the system of internal controls. If internal controls were deemed adequate, the auditors would then test those controls to ensure they were operating as intended by management. The test of internal controls was based on testing a random, unbiased sample of transactions in the business system. Conventionally, audit standards stated that auditors should be alert to the red flags of fraud in the conduct of an audit. Study after study indicates that the lack of professional skepticism is a leading cause for audit failure in detecting fraud. In one sense, the search for fraud seems like a daunting responsibility. However, fraud in its simplest form should be easy to find. After all, the key to finding fraud is looking where fraud is and has been. This book focuses on the use of fraud auditing to detect fraud in core business systems. Fraud auditing is a proactive audit approach designed to respond to the risk of fraud. Essentially, the fraud audit approach requires auditors to answer these questions: Who commits fraud, and how? . What type of fraud are we looking for? 3. Should fraud be viewed as an inherent risk? 4. What is the relationship between internal controls and fraud opportunity? 5. How is fraud concealed? 6. How can we incorporate the fraud theory into our audit approach? 7. What are the ways fraud auditing can be used to detect fraud? The auditor’s response to risk can vary widely. He or she may believe the audit program already addresses areas of risk sufficiently, making no further response necessary. Depending on the nature of the risk, the auditor may wish to change the nature, timing or extent of procedures. The auditor may wish to increase the number of locations at which inventory counts are observed or assure that the inventory counts are moved close to yearend. In connection with receivable confirmation requests, the auditor—faced with other risk factors—may wish to inquire of the appropriate person about the existence of side agreements. When the auditor has significant concerns about management’s integrity or otherwise concludes it is not possible to address the level of risk on the engagement, he or she should consider withdrawing from the audit, with appropriate communications to the entities audit committee. According to criminologist Donald R. Cressey While researching his doctoral thesis in the 1950s, famed criminologist Donald R. Cressey came up with this hypothesis to explain why people commit fraud. The three key elements in the fraud triangle are opportunity, motivation, and rationalization. Opportunity is the element over which business owners have the most control. Limiting opportunities for fraud is one way a company can reduce it. Opportunity is the ability to commit fraud. Because fraudsters don’t wish to be caught, they must also believe that their activities will not be detected. The Opportunity to commit fraud is possible when employees have access to assets and information that allows them to both commit and conceal fraud. Employees are given access to records and valuables in the ordinary course of their jobs. Unfortunately, that access allows people to commit fraud. Over the years, managers have become responsible for a wider range of employees and functions. This has led to more access for them, as well as more control over functional areas of companies. Access must be limited to only those systems, information, and assets that are truly necessary for an employee to complete his or her job. Opportunity is created by weak internal controls, poor management oversight, and/or through use of one’s position and authority. Failure to establish adequate procedures to detect fraudulent activity also increases the opportunities fraud for to occur. Motivation, or can be referred to as incentive, is another aspect of the fraud triangle, it is a pressure or a â€Å"need† felt by the person who commits fraud. It might be a real financial or other type of need, such as high medical bills or debts. Or it could be a perceived financial need, such as a person who has a desire for material goods but not the means to get them. Motivators can also be non financial. There may be high pressure for good results at work or a need to cover up someone’s poor performance. Addictions such as gambling and drugs may also motivate someone to commit fraud. Lastly, employees may rationalize this behavior by determining that committing fraud is OK for a variety of reasons. Rationalization is a crucial component in most frauds. Rationalization involves a person reconciling his/her behavior with the commonly accepted notions of decency and trust. For those who are generally dishonest, it is probably easier to rationalize a fraud. For those with higher moral standards, it is probably not so easy. They have to convince themselves that fraud is OK with â€Å"excuses† for their behavior. Common rationalizations include making up for being underpaid or replacing a bonus that was deserved but not received. A thief may convince himself that he is just â€Å"borrowing† money from the company and will pay it back one day. Some embezzlers tell themselves that the company doesn’t need the money or won’t miss the assets. Others believe that the company â€Å"deserves† to have money stolen because of bad acts against employees. Role of Auditors in Corruption Investigations Auditors may come across situations, during their examinations, which smack of corruption. Since investigation requires different standards and skills, the auditors cannot get into the business of investigating a suspected case of corruption. However, they can forward extracts of their reports to investigating agencies for further probe. As compared to auditing, investigation is a different area of oversight. However, auditors can play a vital role in assisting the agencies responsible for investigation against alleged cases of corruption. The investigating agency could be an internal entity, some anti-corruption commission, police, judiciary or a specialized body for a mega corruption case. The investigation may be initiated on a complaint from a citizen, employee, auditor or a supervisor in an organization. Internal auditors usually have more diversified and detailed knowledge of operations in different parts of the organization than the investigating agency staff that may be deployed only for a particular case. The internal auditors can assist the investigating staff in interpreting various rules, in explaining various practices, in sharing some of the onfidential information that they may possess or discussing technical details of operations. The internal auditors can pinpoint areas of excessive cost and weaker controls which can help the investigating staff in detecting corruption. Conclusion In conclusion, there are many faces of fraud. The definition or clarification of what fraud actually is depends entirely on the reference from which it is being examined. As was shown, each source has its own definition of fraud and what categories of fraud do in fact exist. In order to fully understand how to look for and identify fraud in financial statements of clients, auditors need to understand what fraud is and what characteristics constitute fraud.

Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi

Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Concutelli and from the interviews with radical left-wing terrorists conducted by Cataldo and Neuburger. Did these people all become terrorists for simila Many scholars and historians have focused much of their research on the reasons why people have chosen to become terrorists in the past, one way of researching this was through the interviews of past or current people considered to be terrorists. In the interview with the right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Concutelli, he explains many of the reasons why he chose to join, whether it was for the power or just to be part of a movement bigger than himself. In the interviews of radical left-wing terrorists by Cataldo and Neuburger, three different people with very different roles explained why they chose to join groups such as Prima Linea where they used violence to achieve a ?more just, freer society.? While the overall goals of both these groups were very different, the people who chose to join them did so for similar reasons in hopes of making a difference. At a societal level right-wing terrorist groups have extremely opposing views of how their governments should be run than those of the left-wing terrorists, yet individually their members all joined for very similar reasons including the ability to exert power and influence over others, being part of a larger overall movement and because of the specific context and events happening around them. With such similar reasons for becoming terrorists, it is no wonder both sides ended up fighting a common enemy as opposed to one another. Peirreluigi Concutelli?s memoir explains some of the reasons he and many of his fellow Fascists resorted to violence and terrorism in order to get their message across. Concutelli tells how he was born into an age of hatred where, ?Men and boys with machine-guns and with a dream that seemed within arms? reach against men and boys who were defending a dream already dead and done with. I am a child of those days (Concutelli, 2). This shows that with so much violence surrounding him, it was only a matter of time before he would join in to make a difference for what he believed in. While attending university in Sicily he began to meet fellow right-wing Fascists who would tell stories about how much better things were without the Christian Democrats who were currently in charge. Hearing these stories and finding people with similar beliefs to him ?gave me a sense of belonging that was real but at the same time dangerous? I came to live in a kind of Indian reservation deliberately set up f or just a few of the elect. It was quality against quantity. We were in the right, the others were wrong.? (Concutelli, 4). While at this point Concutelli was not yet willing to become a terrorist for his ideology, he soon realized that his Fascist comrades were becoming a minority and as their persecution increased so did their lust for revenge. The press also instigated violence by blaming Fascists for many bombing attacks where those responsible were never caught. ?Without the right to speak?we were excluded at the newspapers, the universities, the schools? It was in this atmosphere that, slowly, under their voices, people started talking about armed struggle.? (Concutelli, 7). These are some of the main reasons a University educated man such as Concutelli chose to become an assassin and live the rest of his life in jail rather than live out a normal life without his preferred political system. Left-wing terrorists who were interviewed in Women and Terrorism shows how terrorists at this time came from all walks of life and that ethnicity, gender and age had no effect on what people were willing to do. The terrorist ?F? who was interviewed after spending four and a half years in prison for participating in three murders said she joined Prima Linea because of ?the pervasive feeling of the youth being powerless to change things and an impatience with waiting for the birth of a more just, freer society.? (De Cataldo Neuburger, 99). With such dissatisfaction with her current government, F chose to fight back by housing other terrorist members tasked with

Loan Officer Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Loan Officer Compensation - Essay Example The republicans were in the opposition sector of the bill; in 2010 mid elections the republicans took control of the House. They were the ones who initiated the drive to end the bill, but unfortunately their efforts were gone wasted when most of the republicans joined the other side of the argument in May 2010, this happened when the senate passed a broadly similar bill. Four republicans changed their sides by supporting the new bill passed by the senate; only two republicans were left in the opposition side; however they could not generate enough influence to repeal the bill (New York Times) Loan Officer Compensation rule has been one of the hottest topics of debate in the real estate industry for several months. The changes were mainly designed to be in the favor of the consumer rather than the banks or financial institutions. The main opposition body of this rule consisted of the National Association of Mortgage Brokers (NAMB) and the National Association of Independent Housing Pr ofessionals (NAIHP), they first filled a stay order that was initially denied by the courts, later they their appeal helped them in granting an emergency stay but eventually it was also dissolved by the courts. The main reason why the courts rejected their appeal was the fact that they were unable to provide the courts with the appeal that was up to the standards of the courts to grant a stay order (Kraus) The new rule for the Loan Officer Compensation took effect on 1st April 2011, this rule was an amendment to the original (Reg Z). The rule was intended to limit the originators or the brokers from increasing their compensation at an expense of a disadvantage of the borrower, the primary aim was to incorporate consistency in the compensations paid to the brokers, previously the compensations were not found to be consistent between the transactions, they were dependent upon the broker’s ability to negotiate terms between the borrower and the lender, which at times resulted in a situation that was deemed to be in the favor of the broker and the lender, but not the borrower. The main reason behind the fact is that the borrowers are not always aware of the culture and customs of the borrowing industry, which left them with an obvious disadvantage. There were several problems that were highlighted by the critics of the industry that were present in the changes made by passing the new rule. The very first problem that was highlighted was the fact that the new rule would dramatically decrease the competition in the mortgage industry. It is analyzed as a change that was more favorable for the larger banks rather than the smaller banks of the industry; this was taken as a discrimination factor by the industry. An improvement factor for the whole economy is the one that will promote smaller businesses to flourish in their activities and increase their scale. The second issue that was raised by the group was a prediction that the change will bring about an increa se in the borrowing rate for the consumer in the long run as result from the decreased competition One of the biggest changes that were brought about by the new rule was the fact that the originators compensation is limited to one source only. Before the new rule took effect,

Investigative Report and News Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investigative Report and News Release - Essay Example Service has been disrupted since then. Mr. Packard has already dispatched repair teams to the site and the extent of the problem shows that repairs will take about three weeks to complete. An incident report was filed after the repair team had been dispatched. At an emergency press conference helmed by Ms. Rhian Ramos for Alta Vista Internet Services, she announced that the recent disruption of their services in the Southern area of the city was caused by a vehicular accident that cut one of the cable links to the Southern Belle Telephone Company. Some client have gone without internet service since the early hours of October 19. Ms. Ramos explained that repair crews have been dispatched to the site and repairs are said to take up to three weeks at the longest to complete. Recognizing the inconvenience that this disruption has caused, Ms. Ramos announced that Alta Vista Internet Services shall supply those in the affected are with the free use of the companys newest product, the Slammin Speed USB modem for the next 3 weeks. The new usb modem guarantees internet speeds of up to 7.5 mbps and is set to be launched officially at the end of the month. â€Å"This incident will allow our company to highlight our new and upcoming services while allowing our clients to continue with their internet based lives free of charge. Our company will also reverse the charges for the next three weeks on their regular internet use in order to discount the repair days of the system. In the meantime, those who wish to convert to the usb modem service after 3 weeks may do so free of charge. This is our companys way of letting our clients know that we truly care for their needs and our company will not let them down when they need our services the most.† Ms. Ramos

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval in dedicated cloud Environment Dr. Piyush Gupta Chandelkar Kashinath K. Abstract: Data collected in section 3 indicated the number of active internet users across the globe. The collected chunks of information termed as Big Data not only utilizes physical resources into the network, but also leads to increase in human and financial resources. Cloud computing being a technology with IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) provides virtual resources on pay per use policy. MapReduce being widely used Algorithm is used in line with Hummingbird Search engine for information retrieval. Keywords: MapReduce, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, Hummingbird, Big data 1. Introduction One of the papers published in International conference at Jaipur, entitled â€Å"The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System† [21] elaborates on existence of humming bird algorithm on 15th birthday of Google. In existence with previous Google algorithms like panda 3.5, page rank and penguin, hummingbird is a new replacement of full engine instead of repairing individual modules. This has affected 90% of data across the globe. Migrating MapReduce algorithm on cloud environment using Hadoop, not only improves performance due to cloud features but also the efficiency is increased with cost minimization. 2. Problem Fig-1: Data center Source: IBM Enterprise System Fig-1 gives a snapshot of engineers working at data centers who manages information from diverse platforms and resources. Managing hardware and Network with virtualized resources needs dedicated young talent. When it comes to end user, he gets an average service as a result of improper management of data centers. MapReduce is one of the best known algorithms used for IR (Information Retrieval) in addition with existing algorithms as explained in section 7. Due to exponential increase in smart devices that supports voice based search, definitely needs fast and efficient searching algorithm for information retrieval. The voice based search assists to make smart decisions in real time applications like place identification, weather forecast and medical assistance using android based applications. 3. Why problem is important Fig-2: Global Internet users Source: W3 Foundation Looking at data increase across the globe as shown in Fig-2 (data collected till July 1, 2014) [19], the pilled content in repositories is increasing worldwide. It requires huge amount of hardware resources running for years to extract information and knowledge for decision making. The big challenge in big data is ever increasing content utilizing human resource and cost to create chunks in available networks across the globe, which needs attention. 4. It is an unsolved problem From the following relevant reviewed literature (table-1), it gives a blueprint that the problem has still remained unsolved. The authors have either focused on cloud components [6] [11] or had used traditional Google Components during the analysis. Since Hummingbird Algorithm [10] is not keyword based the searching criteria have changed. When combined with MapReduce [1] [3] [15] in cloud environment shall definitely yield efficient results with minimum cost and resources. Table-1: Existing Systems compared 5. Here is my idea Fig-3: Proposed Information Retrieval System Being cloud computing [4] [6] is upcoming Technology as discussed in section -7.2, is a good source of virtualized resources that helps to manage content on diverse platform irrespective of geographical boundaries. An instance of Hadoop that supports MapReduce Algorithm (elaborated in sec-7) is migrated in cloud environment using SaaS (Software as a Service) to whom input is diverted for processing. Hummingbird (more in section-7) Algorithm is a brand new search engine designed to understand meaning from acquired query instead of word, is imparted to collect output from MapReduce instance. The collected output on Amazon S3 cluster is efficiently and effectively delivered to end user based on voice based request, in addition to traditional systems for efficient decision making in the field of medicine, scientific research and so on. 6. My idea works To confirm the working of proposed idea, a hosted instance of Hadoop was used that supports MapReduce Algorithm and S3 data cluster from Amazon. It also has Qubole [20] managed database to test the instance in cloud environment. Qubole has an API (Application programming Interface) that gives overview of running instances through dashboard. A user shall give input as a database or can manually select file in addition to query wizard. Once the input is given to MapReduce cluster, data analysis shall be done by using hive query in addition to pig script. Following results were collected by using existing database. Fig-4: Cloud based Hadoop Instance Source: Qubole Figure -4 shows a dashboard running Hadoop instance, in which 2 queries have finished data analysis. It communicates at runtime with Amazon S3 bucket where data is stored for input. The mapper [1][3][15] scans the data files from the source and extends the output to reducer. The reducer further processes data and is sent back to S3 cluster for further processing. This information shall be accessed by end user through web access and with the support of Hummingbird Algorithm. Fig-5: Running Hadoop Cluster Source: Qubole Fig-5 shows a single running Hadoop Instance in cloud environment. Qubole supports metrics of instances running simultaneously that enhances performance their by increasing efficiency. The graph in the above figure indicates time spent to complete single job. Every task is monitored by master DNS having unique ID. To each DNS a list of queries shall be given as input for further analysis. Fig-6 shows process getting started on Hadoop Cluster that combines both map and Reduce session together. The jobs performed uses batch processing system for single instance. Running multiple instances on different clusters in cloud environment makes process more efficient without investing much is physical infrastructure. As a result of which end user shall enjoy the benefits of information retrieval with minimum time, cost and physical resources. As cloud supports pay per use policies resource allocation as per requirements becomes easier. Fig-6: Hadoop Master DNS Source: Qubole Detail explanation about concepts existing algorithms used for information retrieval BFS(Bredth First Search) Redundant BFS. ISN (Intelligent Search Machine) Directed BFS Random walker search Randomized Gossiping Centralized approach Distributed Information retrieval Searching Object identifier Following explanations shall help to elaborate more about specific areas. 7.2 Cloud Architecture Fig-7: Cloud Architecture Source: NIST Cloud is an upcoming technology that supports IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) as shown in Fig-7. For any hosted instance in cloud, open source software is used as a server that supports virtualization and Grid technology. Virtual private network is used in addition to broadband network13] [16]. As a service provider SLA (Service level Agreement) is signed between an organization and service provider. Distributed computing is one of the known components as data transferred across the network requires secure, authentic and efficient service in a given network. The type of cloud includes public, private, community and hybrid cloud [2]. Private clouds are hosted in dedicated environment having firewall and other authentication features. Updating existing system and taking backup remains responsibility of the owner. Hybrid clouds may be hosted in private environment in synchronization with public resources. The end user held responsible for resources used in public cloud with minimum security. 7.3 MapReduce Algorithm Fig-8: MapReduce Algorithm Source: Jimmy Lin, University of Maryland The algorithm takes data input as a file or database in the form of query. A list of mapper instances are activated which travels across the database in search of information. The jobs or data values are shuffled based on keys and aggregated as an input to reducers. These reducers understand the key inputs and reshuffle to get unique relevant information for further processing as shown in Fig-8[1]. 7.4 Hummingbird Algorithm Hummingbird Algorithm [10] [21] is the latest birthday gift from Google. Panda 3.5 and penguin were basically filters applied to searching criteria in the form of web pages and hyperlink. The traditional search engine extracts information based on keywords. Considering a sentence â€Å"How many times does hummingbird flap their wings per second?† the traditional search engine being keyword based tries to extract word like times, flap and per second. Based on collected keywords the web pages are searched in database. The collected content undergoes filtering from panda and penguin. Resultant results are displayed to user in the form of hyperlinks. Being hummingbird is innovation in the field of search and meant for voice based information retrieval, it accepts query as a single sentence instead of keywords. The engine tries to understand meaning and creates knowledge base from provided information or query. Fig-9: Hummingbird Search Source: Google.com In fig-9, the query asked to Google was where am i? Using voice search. The search engine had found my current location based on IP address or physical location and displayed map for the same. 8. Conclusion and future work The paper is continuation to hummingbird Algorithm [21] that supports MapReduce Algorithm with Hummingbird search engine in dedicated cloud environment. Qubole a hosted Hadoop instance is used to confirm working of MapReduce in support with Amazon S3 for data during. A single hive query instance on single DNS is tested which shall be extended for testing multiple instances of hive and pig script simultaneously as future work. References [1] Rahul Prasad Kanu , Shabeera T P , S D Madhu Kumar 2014- Dynamic Cluster Configuration Algorithm in MapReduce Cloud, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3), 2014, 4028-4033. [2] Mr. Kulkarni N. N., Dr. Pawar V. P., Dr. K.K Deshmukh -2014 Evaluation of Information Retrieval in Cloud computing based services, Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (03 (Special Issue)) [3] Brian Hellig, Stephen turner, rich collier, long zheng-2014- beyond map educe: the next generation of big data analytics HAMR.Eti.com. [4] Ismail Hmeidi, Maryan Yatim, Ala’ Ibrahim, Mai Abujazouh, 2014 Survey of Cloud Computing Web Services for Healthcare Information Retrieval Systems , International conference on Computing Technology and Information Management, Dubai, UAE. [5] Anil Radhakrishnan and Kiran kalmadi -2013- Big Data Medical engine in the cloud, Infosys Lab Briefing Vol-11, No-1. [6] Dr. Sanjay Mishra, Dr. Arun Tiwari 2013 A Novel Technique for Information Retrieval Based on Cloud Computing, international Journal of information technology. [7] Yu Mon Zaw, Nay Min Tun 2013-Web Services Based Information Retrieval Agent System for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research Volume 2– Issue 1, 67-71. [8] Gautam Vemuganti 2013- Metadata Management in Big data, Infosys lab Briefing. [9] Aaditya Prakash 2013-Natured Inspired visualization of unstructured big data, Infosys lab briefing, Vol-11, No-1. [10] Xinxin Fan, Guang Gong,Honggang Hu-2011- Remedying the Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm, IEEE. [11] Mosashi Inoue 2009- image retrieval: research and use in the information retrieval, National Institute of Informatics. [12] Jeff Dean Google Fellow 2009- Challenges in Building Large-Scale Information Retrieval Systems. [13] Tsungnan Lin, Pochiang Lin, Hsinping Wang,Chiahung Chen-2009-Dynamic Search Algorithm in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE. [14] William Hersh -2008 Future perspectives Ubiquitous but unfinished: grand challenges for information retrieval, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. [15] Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 2004-MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters, Google.com. [16] Mehran Sahami Vibhu Mittal Shumeet Baluja Henry Rowley 2003-The Happy Searcher: Challenges in Web Information Retrieval, google.com [17] James Allan 2002-Challenges in Information Retrieval and Language Modeling, Report of a Workshop held at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts Amherst [18] Amit Singhal 2001- Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering. [19] tp://www.internetlivestats.com [20] https://api.qubole.com [21] Dr. Piyush Gupta, kashinath Chandelkar 2012- The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System, vol-2, issue-12, IJARCSSE journal.

What Makes an Effective Executive

Karrie Sebring BU531: Session 2 Harvard Article Review â€Å"What Makes an Effective Executive? † by Peter F. Drucker What is this article about as a whole? There is no science on how to improve effectiveness; effectiveness is a disciple and therefore can be learned by anyone. Drunker concludes that you don’t have to be a leader or possess specific personalities, strengths, values or beliefs to be an effective executive. Utilizing the following eight simple practices allows executives to be effective: Asking, â€Å"What needs to be done? † Asking, â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † Developing action plans Taking responsibility for decisions Taking responsibility for communicating Focusing on opportunities rather than problems Running productive meetings Speaking as â€Å"We† rather than â€Å"I† The first two practices give executives the knowledge they need. The next four help them convert this knowledge into effective action. The last two ensure that the whole organization feels responsible and accountable. What are the essential points in this article? Executives need to ask what is right for the enterprise, rather than what is right for the owners, stock price, the employees or the executives. Asking this question does not guarantee the correct decision will be made; however failure to ask this question will nearly guarantee the wrong decision. Knowledge is useless until it has been translated into actions but actions need to first be planned to identify possible restraints and implications. The action plan should be a statement of intention rather than commitment and should be revised often because every success and failure creates new opportunities. The action plan needs to have a system for checking results against expectations. Lastly, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive’s time management, which is an executive’s most scarce and valuable resource. Executives need to take responsibility for communicating; executives need to share their plans, ask for feedback and indicate specifics on what information they need from their subordinates to get the job done. Good executives focus on opportunities rather than problems; they treat change as an opportunity rather than a threat. Effective executives ensure problems do not overwhelm opportunities and put their best people onopportunity tasks. Executives must make meetings productive and ensure that meetings are work sessions rather than bull sessions. A few key notes are to decide in advance what kind of meeting each session will be, end each session when the purpose has been accomplished and lastly, follow-up on each meeting. Effective executives have authority because they have the trust of the organization and therefore think of the organizations needs and opportunities before their own. Lastly, one rule stands; listen before you speak. How can you apply what you learned to business? What Makes an Effective Executive Karrie Sebring BU531: Session 2 Harvard Article Review â€Å"What Makes an Effective Executive? † by Peter F. Drucker What is this article about as a whole? There is no science on how to improve effectiveness; effectiveness is a disciple and therefore can be learned by anyone. Drunker concludes that you don’t have to be a leader or possess specific personalities, strengths, values or beliefs to be an effective executive. Utilizing the following eight simple practices allows executives to be effective: Asking, â€Å"What needs to be done? † Asking, â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † Developing action plans Taking responsibility for decisions Taking responsibility for communicating Focusing on opportunities rather than problems Running productive meetings Speaking as â€Å"We† rather than â€Å"I† The first two practices give executives the knowledge they need. The next four help them convert this knowledge into effective action. The last two ensure that the whole organization feels responsible and accountable. What are the essential points in this article? Executives need to ask what is right for the enterprise, rather than what is right for the owners, stock price, the employees or the executives. Asking this question does not guarantee the correct decision will be made; however failure to ask this question will nearly guarantee the wrong decision. Knowledge is useless until it has been translated into actions but actions need to first be planned to identify possible restraints and implications. The action plan should be a statement of intention rather than commitment and should be revised often because every success and failure creates new opportunities. The action plan needs to have a system for checking results against expectations. Lastly, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive’s time management, which is an executive’s most scarce and valuable resource. Executives need to take responsibility for communicating; executives need to share their plans, ask for feedback and indicate specifics on what information they need from their subordinates to get the job done. Good executives focus on opportunities rather than problems; they treat change as an opportunity rather than a threat. Effective executives ensure problems do not overwhelm opportunities and put their best people onopportunity tasks. Executives must make meetings productive and ensure that meetings are work sessions rather than bull sessions. A few key notes are to decide in advance what kind of meeting each session will be, end each session when the purpose has been accomplished and lastly, follow-up on each meeting. Effective executives have authority because they have the trust of the organization and therefore think of the organizations needs and opportunities before their own. Lastly, one rule stands; listen before you speak. How can you apply what you learned to business?

Australia is physically and culturally unique

Australia’s multicultural attitude respects all cultures and races. Australia’s government is amazing because it was federated and democratic. Its climate varies throughout Australia because of its size. Australia is a truly fascinating continent/country/island. Its uniqueness is due to its flora with its many different plants. Its fauna and its many creatures only found in Australia. Australia’s lifestyle is also sought after because it can’t be found anywhere else. Also it landscape is almost unpredictable and also classifies Australia as a continent, country, and island. Its final asset is its development and technology, since Australia is a major contributor to medical studies and are leaders in sports technology. Now that you know briefly why Australia is unique, the rest of this report will elaborate further on them. Australia has a unique climate. It sits in many climate zones because of its large size. These zones include tropical, sub-tropical, temperate, and sub-temperate. Most of Australia has four seasons, summer, autumn, winter, and spring, in other places it is two seasons and they are the wet and dry seasons. From blistering hot temperatures in Darwin to below zero temperatures in Hobart, Australia’s climate is one of many things that make Australia unique. Next in line is Australia’s landscape. Australia has many different terrains from forests to deserts and this is also because of its large size. The edge of Australia is mostly green except for the western coast; the rest of Australia is mainly dry and arid. Australia’s shape, size, and location also make it a continent, country, and also an island. The flora in Australia is truly amazing. Australia has a wide range of flora, like bottle brushes, waratahs, and eucalyptus trees. All the plants mentioned are unique to Australia, with many more that haven’t been mentioned. These plants are also important to Australia’s fauna for habitat and food. These plants also make Australia a colourful and beautiful place. As mentioned in the above paragraph, Australian fauna is important to Australia. The creatures unique to Australia are the kangaroos, wallabies, wombats, emus, koalas, kookaburras, etc. If u look on the Australian emblem u should see two animals unique to Australia, the emu and the kangaroo. Australian lifestyle is well sought after. It is sought after because of the easy going, laid back nature of all Australians. Everyone seems to be happy and enjoying life while in America everyone is stressed and working very hard. The Australian lifestyle also involves the great outdoors. The dominant male is at the BBQ cooking shrimp and steak holding a VB while a game of cricket is going on in the background. These points make the Australian lifestyle favourable. The reason the Australian lifestyle is as it is now is because of its government. Australia originally had 6 colonies until it was federated in 1900. Since then Australia has improved and has learnt from past mistakes. The Australian government makes sure that all cultures and races are accepted as equals, which makes it a multicultural government. This brings us to the next point, multiculturalism. Australia is unique because it is one of the few countries where all cultures and races are respected for who they are and treated as equals. This makes Australia an ideal country to travel to for non-white people because it guarantees that they would be treated fairly while in this country. Australia is pretty significant when it comes to development and technology. Australia are major contributors to medical research especially in the cancer research section. Australians are also leaders in sports technology, mainly to do with rugby, cricket, and AFL. This makes Australia ideal for people interested in sports and cancer research. The following reasons above make me strongly believe that Australia is a unique country. To live in this amazing country is a privilege and should be respected because of it is a one of a kind country, and is confirmed in the above paragraphs.

Types of Scales in Social Science Research

A scale is a type of composite measure that is composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them. That is, scales make use of differences in intensity among the indicators of a variable. For example, when a question has the response choices of always, sometimes, rarely, and never, this represents a scale because the answer choices are rank-ordered and have differences in intensity. Another example would be strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree. There are several different types of scales. We’ll look at four commonly used scales in social science research and how they are constructed. Likert Scale Likert scales are one of the most commonly used scales in social science research. They offer a simple rating system that is common to surveys of all kinds. The scale is named for the psychologist who created it,  Rensis Likert. One common use of the Likert scale is a survey that asks respondents to offer their opinion on something by stating the level to which they agree or disagree. It often looks like this: Strongly agreeAgreeNeither agree nor disagreeDisagreeStrongly disagree Within the scale, the individual items that compose it are called Likert items. To create the scale, each answer choice is assigned a score (for instance, 0-4), and the answers for several Likert items (that measure the same concept) can be added together for each individual to obtain an overall Likert score. For example, let’s say that were interested in measuring prejudice against women. One method would be to create a series of statements reflecting prejudiced ideas, each with the Likert response categories listed above. For example, some of the statements might be, Women shouldn’t be allowed to vote, or Women can’t drive as well as men. We would then assign each of the response categories a score of 0 to 4 (for example, assign a score of 0 to strongly disagree, a 1 to disagree, a 2 to neither agree or disagree, etc.). The scores for each of the statements would then be totaled for each respondent to create an overall score of prejudice. If we had five  statements and a respondent answered strongly agree to each item, his or her overall prejudice score would be 20, indicating a very high degree of prejudice against women. Bogardus Social Distance Scale The Bogardus social distance scale was created by sociologist Emory S. Bogardus as a technique for measuring the willingness of people to participate in social relations with other kinds of people. (Incidentally, Bogardus established one of the first departments of sociology on American soil at the University of Southern California in 1915.) Quite simply, the scale invites people to state the degree to which they are accepting of other groups. Let’s say we are interested in the extent to which Christians in the U.S. are willing to associate with Muslims. We might ask the following questions: Are you willing to live in the same country as Muslims?Are you willing to live in the same community as Muslims?Are you willing to live in the same neighborhood as Muslims?Are you willing to live next door to a Muslim?Are you willing to let your son or daughter marry a Muslim? The clear differences in intensity suggest a structure among the items. Presumably, if a person is willing to accept a certain association, he is willing to accept all those that precede it on the list (those with lesser intensities), though this is not necessarily the case as some critics of this scale point out. Each item on the scale is scored to reflect the level of social distance, from 1.00 as a measure of no social distance (which would apply to question 5 in the above survey), to 5.00 measuring maximize social distance in the given scale (though the level of social distance could be higher on other scales). When the ratings for each response are averaged, a lower score indicates a greater level of acceptance than does a higher score. Thurstone Scale The Thurstone scale, created by Louis Thurstone, is intended to develop a format for generating groups of indicators of a variable that have an empirical structure among them. For example, if you were studying discrimination, you would create a list of items (10, for example) and then ask respondents to assign scores of 1 to 10 to each item. In essence, respondents are ranking the items in order of the weakest indicator of discrimination all the way to the strongest indicator. Once the respondents have scored the items, the researcher examines the scores assigned to each item by all the respondents to determine which items the respondents agreed upon most. If the scale items were adequately developed and scored, the economy and effectiveness of data reduction present in the Bogardus social distance scale would appear. Semantic Differential Scale The semantic differential scale asks respondents to answer a questionnaire and choose between two opposite positions, using qualifiers to bridge the gap between them. For instance, suppose you wanted to get respondents’ opinions about a new comedy television show. Youd first decide what dimensions to measure and then find two opposite terms that represent those dimensions. For example, enjoyable and unenjoyable, funny and not funny, relatable and not relatable. You would then create a rating sheet for respondents to indicate how they feel about the television show in each dimension. Your questionnaire would look something like this:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Much  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Somewhat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very MuchEnjoyable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UnenjoyableFunny  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not FunnyRelatable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unrelatable